Site and Situation in Urban Geography

The study of settlement patterns is one of the most important subjects of urban geography. Settlements can range in size from a small village with a few hundred residents to a metropolitan city of over one million people. Geographers often study the reasons why cities develop where they do and what factors lead to a settlement becoming a large city over time or remaining as a small village. Some of the reasons behind these growth patterns are related to the areas site and its situation. Site and situation are two essential concepts in the study of urban geography. Site The site is the actual location of a settlement on the Earth, and the term includes the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area. Site factors include landforms, climate, vegetation, availability of water, soil quality, minerals, and wildlife. Examples of site factors include whether an area is protected by mountains or if there is a natural harbor present. Historically, such factors led to the development of major cities worldwide. New York City, for example, is located where it is because of several site factors. As people arrived in North America from Europe, they began to settle in this area because it had a coastal location with a natural harbor. There was also an abundance of fresh water in the nearby Hudson River and small creeks, as well as raw materials for building supplies. The site of an area can also create challenges for its population. The small Himalayan nation of Bhutan is a good example of this. Located within the worlds highest mountain range, the terrain of the country is extremely rugged, making transportation within the country very difficult. This, combined with the incredibly harsh climate in many areas of the country, has made much of the population settle along rivers in the highlands just south of the Himalayas. Only 2% of the land in the nation is arable, with much of it located in the highlands, and so making a living in this nation is highly challenging. Situation The situation is defined as the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an areas situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a places connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site. Though its site has made living in the nation challenging, Bhutans situation has allowed it to maintain its policies of isolation as well as its own highly separated and traditionally religious culture. Because of its remote location in the Himalayas, entering the country is challenging and, historically, this has been beneficial because the mountains have been a form of protection. The heartland of the nation has never been invaded. Bhutan now controls many of the most strategic mountain passes in the Himalayas, including the only ones into and out of its territory, leading to its title as the Mountain Fortress of the Gods. Like an areas site, however, its situation can also cause problems. For example, Canadas eastern provinces of New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are some of that countrys most economically downtrodden areas, due in large part to their situations. These areas are isolated from the rest of Canada, which makes manufacturing and the little agriculture possible too expensive. There are very few natural resources in proximity to these provinces. Many are off the coast; due to maritime laws, the government of Canada itself controls the resources. Moreover, the traditional fishing economies of the region are today crashing along with the fish populations. The Importance of Site and Situation in Todays Cities As shown in the examples of New York City, Bhutan, and Canadas east coast, an areas site and situation played a significant role in its development, both within its boundaries and on the world stage. These phenomena have shaped history and are part of the reason why places like London, Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles were able to grow into the prosperous cities they are today. As nations around the world continue to develop, their sites and situations will continue to play a large role in whether or not they will be successful. Though todays ease of transportation and new technologies such as the Internet are bringing nations closer together, the physical landscape of an area, as well as its location in relation to its desired market, will still play a large role in whether or not a particular area will grow to become the next great world city.

20 Poetic Metaphors About Time

According to proverbs, time heals, steals, and flies. In that same vein, time is also something we all make and take, save and spend, keep, waste, kill, and lose. Habitually and almost without thinking, we explain our relationship to time through metaphors. In ​More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor (University of Chicago Press, 1989), George Lakoff and Mark Turner remind us that Metaphor isnt just for poets; its in ordinary language and is the principal way we have of conceptualizing abstract concepts like life, death, and time. So whether were spending it or running out of it (or both), we deal with time metaphorically. 20 Metaphorical Quotes About the Definition of Time Time is a circus, always packing up and moving away. - Ben Hecht Time, you old gipsy man,Will you not stay,Put up your caravanJust for one day? - Ralph Hodgson, Time, You Old Gipsy Man Prince, I warn you, under the rose,Time is the thief you cannot banish.These are my daughters, I suppose.But where in the world did the children vanish? - Phyllis McGinley, Ballade of Lost Objects But thats where I am, theres no escaping it. Times a trap, Im caught in it. - Margaret Atwood, The Handmaids Tale Time is the reef upon which all our frail mystic ships are wrecked. - Noel Coward, Blithe Spirit She tried to discover what kind of woof Old Time, that greatest and longest established Spinner of all, would weave from the threads he had already spun into a woman. But his factory is a secret place, his work is noiseless, and his Hands are mutes. - Charles Dickens, Hard Times Time is a storm in which we are all lost. Only inside the convolutions of the storm itself shall we find our directions. - William Carlos Williams, Introduction to Selected Essays Time is but the stream I go a-fishing in. I drink at it; but while I drink I see the sandy bottom and detect how shallow it is. Its thin current slides away, but eternity remains. - Henry David Thoreau, Walden Time is a flowing river. Happy those who allow themselves to be carried, unresisting, with the current. They float through easy days. They live, unquestioning, in the moment. - Christopher Morley, Where the Blue Begins Time is an equal opportunity employer. Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day. Rich people cant buy more hours; scientists cant invent new minutes. And you cant save time to spend it on another day. Even so, time is amazingly fair and forgiving. No matter how much time youve wasted in the past, you still have an entire tomorrow. - Denis Waitely,  The Joy of Working Old Time, in whose banks we deposit our notesIs a miser who always wants guineas for groats;He keeps all his customers still in arrearsBy lending them minutes and charging them years. - Oliver Wendell Holmes, Our Banker Time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spend it for you. - Carl Sandburg Yesterday is a canceled check; tomorrow is a promissory note; today is the only cash you have, so spend it wisely. - Kay Lyons Time is a fixed income and, as with any income, the real problem facing most of us is how to live successfully within our daily allotment. - Margaret B. Johnstone What am I now that I was then?May memory restore again and againThe smallest color of the smallest day:Time is the school in which we learn,Time is the fire in which we burn. - Delmore Schwartz, Calmly We Walk Through This Aprils Day Time is a dressmaker specializing in alterations. - Faith Baldwin, Face Toward the Spring Initially, I was unaware that time, so boundless at first blush, was a prison. - Vladimir Nabokov, Speak, Memory Time is an irreversible arrow, and we can never return to the self that we sloughed off in childhood or adolescence. The man trying to wear youths carefree clothing, the woman costuming her emotions in dolls dresses — these are pathetic figures who want to reverse times arrow. - Joshua Loth Liebman, Renunciation of Immaturity,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹from Peace of Mind Time is a great teacher, but unfortunately it kills all its pupils. - Hector Berlioz Time is a gift, given to you,given to give you the time you needthe time you need to have the time of your life. - Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth

Enron Case Study Essay - 2248 Words

Enron Summery of Enron case The Enron scandal has far-reaching political and financial implications. In just 15 years, Enron grew from nowhere to be Americas seventh largest company, employing 21,000 staff in more than 40 countries. But the firms success turned out to have involved an elaborate scam. Enron lied about its profits and stands accused of a range of shady dealings, including concealing debts so they didnt show up in the companys accounts. As the depth of the deception unfolded, investors and creditors retreated, forcing the firm into Chapter 11 bankruptcy in December. More than six months after a criminal inquiry was announced, the guilty parties have still not been brought to justice. Leaders†¦show more content†¦The PRC was a powerful mechanism for preventing the emergence of subcultures running counter to the organizational tone set by Enron’s hierarchy. Members of the Risk Management and Assessment Group who reviewed the terms and conditions of deals ( and who were largely inexperienced recent MBA graduates) as well as internal auditors, were fearful of retaliation in the PRC from persons whose deals they were reviewing (Chaffin and Fidler 2002; Dallas 2003). At best, control was compliance-based, seldom encouraging employees to follow either the letter or the intent of laws (Dallas 2003). This punitive environment brought the consequences of dissent sharply into focus. Enron’s culture has been characterized as â€Å"ruthless and reckless †¦ lavish rewards on those who played the game, while persecuting those who raised objections† (Chaffin and Fidler 2002, 4-5). Led by Skilling’s cavalier attitude to rules, top management conveyed the impression that all that mattered was for employees to book profits. In sum, this led to an erosion of employees’ confidence in their own perceptions and, most crucially, to further compliance with the organization’s leaders in a way that strengthened conformi st behavior. Former employees have noted how â€Å"loyalty required a sort of group think† (Chaffin and Fidler 2002, 2) and â€Å"that you had to ‘keep drinking the Enron water’† (Stephens and Behr 2002, 2). A myth of smooth, flawless operations was perpetuatedShow MoreRelatedENRON Case Study1572 Words   |  7 Pages1. The Enron debacle created what one public official reported was a â€Å"crisis of confidence† on the part of the public in the accounting profession. List the parties who you believe are most responsible for that crisis. Briefly justify each of your choices. Following parties are believed to be the most responsible for the crisis. With any big organization going so bad, the blame starts with the top level executives, there was no different in this case. For Enron the blame started with Enron’sRead MoreEnron Case Study2596 Words   |  11 PagesEnron a Case Study Enron, once known as the worldwide leader in energy trading, began as a natural gas pipeline company. â€Å"At its peak, Enron brokered up to 20 percent of America’s energy transactions. These included basic contracts to deliver natural gas from wells to pipelines for distribution to homes, contracts for the purchase of electrical power facility out port, and more complex financial contracts, which allowed power companies to manage price and market risk† (Ackman)Read MoreEnron Case Study4789 Words   |  20 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will analyse the groupthink’s concerns in the collapse of Enron. The collapse of Enron is less than three months, which Enron from a very prosperous company to a bankrupt enterprise. The collapse of Enron is one of the most grievous business failures in United States. This disastrous business failure had causes a large number of employees lost their jobs and retirement savings. Groupthink leads groups to make faulty judgments. Groupthink occurs when a group makeRead MoreEnron Case Study5921 Words   |  24 PagesEnron Case Study [pic] Part A: Problem Focused Analysis and Recommendations. 1. Brief Case Background. List key events, use timeline. Case Background At one time Enron was one of the world’s largest producers of natural gas, oil, and electricity. It also appeared to be one of the most profitable companies, taking shareholders from $19.10 in 1999 to $90.80 by the end of 2000. Enron’s top management answered to a Board of Directors whose responsibility was to question and challenge new partnershipsRead MoreEnron case study1195 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Q 1: Evaluate Enron profit and cash flow performance during the period 1998 – 2000? Profitability Measures Enron’s reported net income grew from $703 million in 1998 to $979 million in 2000, totaling 35.1% profit growth for the three-year period. Enron was among the leading of â€Å"high performing† companies by sustaining a high earnings growth insight. However, as Table 1 indicates, Enron’s reported profits were microscopic relation to revenues. Net income did not grow at anything near the sameRead MoreEnron Case Study Analysis1699 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Strategy Enron Case Study 09/08/12 Enron Case Study: From Company to Conspiracy 1. What is the History of Enron, and what current situation does it find itself in? Enron was created by a combination of companies. These companies were Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. These companies were merged together in July 1985. CEO of Houston Natural Gas, Kenneth Lay became chairman and CEO of the combined company. This happened in February 1986. The company changed its name to Enron on April 10thRead MoreEnron Case Study Summary976 Words   |  4 PagesEnron Case Study The case of Enron is a fascinating one. United States is a country where auditing and accounting principles are so strong. How can something take place on such high level in the United States? The Enron case demonstrates the need to reform the accounting and corporate governance practices in the United States. Moreover, the Enron case made government officials to pay close attention to deregulated energy market. Some of the aspects that struck me are discussed below. One of theRead MoreEnron Case Study1472 Words   |  6 PagesQ 1: Evaluate Enron profit and cash flow performance during the period 1998 – 2000? Profitability Measures Enron’s reported net income grew from $703 million in 1998 to $979 million in 2000, totaling 35.1% profit growth for the three-year period. Enron was among the leading of â€Å"high performing† companies by sustaining a high earnings growth insight. However, as Table 1 indicates, Enron’s reported profits were microscopic relation to revenues. Net income did not grow at anything near the sameRead MoreEnron Tyco Case Studies2163 Words   |  9 PagesRunning head: CASE STUDIES: ENRON’S FALL AND TYCO INTERNATIONAL’S LEADERSHIP CRISIS Case Studies: Enron’s Fall and Tyco International’s Leadership Crisis Grand Canyon University BUS 604 November 4, 2009 Case Study: Enron’s Fall and Tyco International’s Leadership Crisis The tight Federal regulations now governing businesses and their accounting practices came about because one corporation, Enron, took risks their company could not withstand without taking some rather extreme measures inRead MoreEnron and Worldcom Case Study1225 Words   |  5 PagesEnron and WorldCom Case Study This report is based on the demise of Enron Corporation and WorldCom. Both the firms are demised due to the ethical lapses. These ethical lapses come into existence when managements of the firm, uses unethical practices to accomplish the goals of the firm. Maintaining financial and accounting standards in the business practices are necessary. The profession of accounting has become a mockery due to the accounting scandals that took place all over the world in the

Emotional Intelligence And Attribution Theory - 2033 Words

Introduction Communication is important not only in day-to day activities, but also in a career. Communication is the exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. This paper looks at the importance of emotional intelligence and attribution theory for a sales person in the energy industry. Moreover, it highlights evidence of improvement in both face to face interview and individual presentation. Two actions are also discussed that have the ability to enhance a career of a sales person in the energy industry. Emotional intelligence and attribution theory Emotional intelligence and the attribution theory contribute significantly to a student’s performance. In this regard, emotional intelligence refers to a student’s capacity to be aware of express, and control emotions while handling interpersonal relationships empathetically and judiciously. Emotional intelligence affects how an individual navigates various social complexities, manages behaviour and makes different personal decisions to get a positive outcome. The attribution theory, on the other hand, regards how human beings understand cases and how this relates to their behaviour and thinking (McLeod 2010). In other words, attribution theory presumes that people attempt to understand humans’ acts. Both the emotional intelligence and attribution theory will play a critical role in my success as I pursue my graduate career by enabling me to operate more effectively. Emotional intelligence AShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence and Locus of Control as Correlates of Career Choice in Business Education Among Undergraduates1266 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluencing career choice of undergraduates in Business Education, but none has focused on influence of emotional intelligence and locus of Control. Therefore this study will focus on how and to what extent Emotional Intelligence and Locus of control can influence career choice in business among undergraduates. For most people, emotional intelligence (EQ) is more important than one’s intelligence (IQ) in attaining success in their lives and carrier. As individuals our success and the success of theRead MorePerception, Diversity, Attribution And Attitudes1095 Words   |  5 Pages Writing Assignment II Perception, Diversity, Attribution and Attitudes Stefanie M. Young FSW State College Social Perception is the process that allows us to interpret and understand our surroundings. (Overgaard, S., Krueger, J. p. 395) Perception has a four-stage process: comprehension, encoding, storage, and response. With the first stage, we become aware of a situation or a person around us. The second step we take that new raw information and process it. Third stage, it isRead MoreEssay about Evaluation of Two Theories of Attribution789 Words   |  4 PagesEvaluation of Two Theories of Attribution One attribution theory is the correspondent inference theory by Jones and Davis (1965). This theory was developed on Heider’s idea that the observer has a general tendency to make an internal attribution. This is because it is easier to say that the cause of someone behaviour is something within the actor as it makes the world seem more stable and predictable, rather than having to make an attribution for a person for every situationRead MoreMgt 600 Essay629 Words   |  3 Pagesand external equity and how is each achieved in organizations? 3. Differentiate between (a) content, and (b) process theories of motivation. 4. In Equity theory, what are two possible outcomes/ratios? What can an employee do to deal with inequity when it occurs? 5. How does Herzberg’s view of satisfaction/dissatisfaction differ from traditional views? How is his theory applied in practice? (note specifically, the steps outlined in your reading article for â€Å"job enrichment†). 6. DiscussRead MoreThe Term Emotional Intelligence ( Ei )1630 Words   |  7 PagesInteracting with others in an effective way is essential to managing work and social connections. The term emotional intelligence (EI) is used to describe a person’s ability to perceive emotion in others, express and control their own emotions, as well as controlling emotion in others (McShane Von Glinow 2013, p.105). What is intelligence? Intelligence is a combination of knowledge and aptitude and shows the breadth and rate of learning (Mayer, Roberts, Barsade 2008, p.511). †¢ Knowledge isRead MoreStability vs Change859 Words   |  4 Pages(1974). Additionally, Windows of Opportunity is a specific time span for normal development of certain types of skills. â€Å"Timing is important† Herr (2008). 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Contract between Two Parties-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Questions: 1. Discuss whether contract had been formed between Ben and Mojo Beverages. 2.Discuss whether contract had been formed between Dorper and Livestock. Answers: 1.Issue Based on the facts of the case study, the main issue here relates to whether a contract had been formed between the two parties, i.e., Ben and Mojo Beverages. Rule A contract is the promise undertaken between two or more parties where one party carries on certain obligation and the other party makes the payment of consideration (Andrews, 2015). This promise holds legal validity due to the presence of different elements of contract formation. Included in these elements are ones of agreement, i.e., offer and acceptance, followed by consideration, intent, clarity, capacity and intent (Ayres and Klass, 2012). The first step in the formation of any contract is that an offer has to be made by one party, which covers in clear terms what is being offered by them. There is a need to obtain clarity on the communication being an offer, as often invitation to treat is made, which comes before any offer. Through an invitation to treat, an interest of negotiating on the possible contract is shown, whereas an offer shows the intent of the parties in being legally bound through the contract (Clarke and Clarke, 2016). A leading example of invitation to treat is the advertisements which a person often comes across in newspapers, or in magazines. In the matter of Partridge v Crittenden [1968] 1 WLR 1204, it was provided by the courts that such an ad is not an offer and instead is an invitation to treat (Blum, 2007). But, every case is not the same, and the terms stated in such communication are to be analysed for defining it as an invitation to treat or an offer. When the ads placed cover such terms where the acceptance on them can be made by simply performing any task, a unilateral contract is created, due to transformation of an invitation to treat into an offer and this was held in the landmark case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1893] 1 QB 256. An ad had been covered in this cases in which it was covered that the smoke ball had to be used in a particular manner; and that even after using this product in the specified manner, if an individual catches flu, they would be given the amount advertised. The plaintiff used this and still got sick with flu and applied for the advertised amount to be paid. However, the defendant stated that the ad was just an invitation to treat and lacked the intention to be bound. When the matter was presented before Court of Appeal they stated that the p laintiffs contentions were right. Due to these reasons, the court held that a unilateral offer had been made in the advert; and by performing its terms, a unilateral contract had been formed (Stone and Devenney, 2017). Upon an offer being made by one party, the party to which it was made had to accept the offer. Any other party cannot give acceptance to this. Though, when it comes to the cases of unilateral offers, any individual to whom such offer has been made, can accept it; for instance, where the unilateral offer is made to people in certain jurisdiction, anyone from such jurisdiction can accept it by doing what has been stated in the offer (Abbott, Pendlebury and Wardman, 2007). The next element is consideration which can be any value mutually decided between the parties. However, it is important that the consideration has economic value. It needs to be present not past, and sufficient not adequate. Chappell and Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 proves to be of help in clarifying this matter. This case saw the courts accepting the three chocolate bar wrappers as valid consideration (Latimer, 2012). Application The facts given in case of Ben and Mojo are quite similar to the ones given in the landmark case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. Both of these had newspaper ad covering unilateral offers, since both can be accepted by performing the terms. The case study could be accepted by the people present at the lake, by catching the Lord Harry. The consideration element was also present in this case due to the ad stating that the person catching Lord Harry would get $100,000. Thus, by catching Lord Harry, Ben accepted the promise and deserves to be paid the amount of $100,000. Despite the rumour which had been spread at the lake, Ben had placed his reliance over the printed advertisement as it clearly stated that by catching Lord Harry, the person would be paid the sum of $100,000. There was no reasonable belief present before Ben to believe in the rumour being true. Mojo had never corrected on the displayed price sum. Furthermore, the rumour was never confirmed by the representative of the company who was there at the lake for certifying Lord Harry being caught before the same is released in the lake. Their silence confirmed it for Ben to not rely upon the rumour and to continue believing in the written communication. As nothing is stated otherwise, the other elements of a contract are assumed to be present in this case. Conclusion From the discussion carried in the previous parts, it can be concluded that a contract had been created between the two parties of this case. 2.Issue Based on the facts of the case study, the main issue here relates to whether a contract had been formed between the two parties, i.e., Dorper and Livestock. Rule In the previous segment, acceptance was explained in very brief and it was stated as one of the elements required for forming a contract. In order for acceptance to be given on an offer, the same has to be properly communicated. The offer has to be accepted in exact terms in which the same had been made (Elliot, 2011). In case of any change is made in the offer which has been made, a counter offer is deemed to be made. When such happens, based on Hyde v. Wrench (1840) 3 Beav 334, the offer made initially ends. In this regard, the date of such acceptance also holds significance. This is the date when the communication of acceptance is received by the offer making party (Marson and Ferris, 2015). Though, a leading exception to this rule is the postal rule of acceptance. As per the postal rules of acceptance, the date of acceptance is taken to be the date on which the letter of acceptance is posted. The reason for holding this was provided in Byrne v Van Tienhoven (1880) LR 5 CPD 344, where it was held that the postal office is the agent of the offering party (Mulcahy, 2008). In case the offer has to be revoked, it has to be done before an acceptance is provided on the offer. As per Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise (1957) 98 CLR 93, the postal rules can be accepted as a valid means of acceptance in only such cases in which the offering party has the reasons to believe that this mode would be used for giving the acceptance by the accepting party. Again, there is a need to differentiate between an acceptance and a request for information. In Harvey v Facey [1893] AC 552, the question regarding the lowest price of the pen was a request for information and not an acceptance or an offer. A telegram had been sent by the plaintiff to the defenda nt, in which the selling price of the pen was asked particularly in context of its lowest price. The reply to this telegram was the sum which was the lowest price of this pen. The court held that this was a request for information and could not be taken as an offer due to lack of intent amongst the parties (Poole, 2016). Contract formation also requires the presence of clarity for the terms which are included in the contract. Another important element is the intent, where the parties need to have the intent of being bound in a legal manner, where they would get legal liabilities as well, with the legal rights. And the final requisite element is the capacity, where the parties need to be of legal age in order to get into a contract and this is in addition to sound mind of the parties (Treitel and Peel, 2015). Where the terms on which the contract is based, are not fulfilled as per the manner in which they are stated in the contract, or as per the promise made under the contract, the contract is breached. Once this happens, the aggrieved party can apply for equitable and monetary damages (Lambiris and Griffin, 2016). Application Based on the case study, it is clear that the parties had the intention of creating legal relations and thus, a contract. The case had offer and counter offer which acts as an evidence of this intent being present. The communication sent on June 01st to Livestock by Dorper is to be taken as an offer as this communication clearly stated the terms which had been offered and also consisted of a valid consideration for the same having an economic value. The offer also provides the price per head and the number of sheep which were for sale, brining clarity to the offer; and the duration for which this offer was open was 14 days. The communication sent on 06 June would be deemed as a request for information which means that the offer had never been accepted. The reason for deeming it as a request of information, as an inquiry was made in this communication. This was not an acceptance, as a result of which the offer expired on the end of its time period. Just because the offer was open for Livestock does not mean that Dorper could not sell the product to someone else. Again, the 06th June communication can also be deemed as a counter offer, as this required an addition of usual terms for finance of the sale. This counter offer would mean that the original offer expired and again, acceptance was not given on the new offer made. Irrespective of deeming the 06th June communication as counter offer or request for information, acceptance was not attained on it. The reason for stating that acceptance was not attained in this case was due to fax being never stated as a valid means of acceptance, based on Tallerman Co Pty Ltd v Nathan's Merchandise. Dorper had no reasons to believe that fax would be used as a mode of acceptance thus proving that an acceptance was not attained. Without the contract being formed, breach of contract cannot be held. The fax receipt or its non receipt is not relevant to this case, owing to the transmission error, as fax was not deemed as a valid mode of acceptance. Conclusion From the discussion carried in the previous parts, it can be concluded that a contract was not formed as acceptance was not attained. References Abbott, K., Pendlebury, N., and Wardman, K. (2007) Business Law. 8th ed. London: Thomson. Andrews, N. (2015) Contract Law. 2nd ed. UK: Cambridge University Press Ayres, I., and Klass, G. (2012) Studies in Contract Law. 8th ed. New York: Foundation Press Blum, B.A. (2007) Contracts: Examples Explanations. 4th ed. New York: Aspen Publishers. Clarke, P., and Clarke, J (2016) Contract Law: Commentaries, Cases and Perspectives. 3rd ed. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Elliot, C. (2011) Contract Law. 8th ed. London: Pearson. Lambiris, M., and Griffin, L. (2016) First Principles of Business Law 2016. Sydney: CCH. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. 31st ed. Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Marson, J., and Ferris, K. (2015) Business Law. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mulcahy, L. (2008) Contract Law in Perspective. 5th ed. Oxon: Routledge. Poole, J. (2016) Textbook on Contract Law. 13th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stone, R., and Devenney, J. (2017) The Modern Law of Contract. 12th ed. Oxon: Routledge. Treitel, G H., and Peel, E. (2015) The Law of Contract.14th ed. London: Sweet Maxwell.

Multiculturalism free essay sample

However, there is a growing awareness of the changing multicultural basis of the Mauritian society and of a more holistic and non-eurocentric counselling approaches need to be adopted by practitioners. While there is â€Å"increased attention to diversity and multiculturalism in the counselling profession† (Walden, Herlihy Ashton, 2003, p. 109), there is still much to be done to move counselling towards a â€Å"post-colonial† approach. In other words, moving the counselling profession towards more openness to diversity and a greater acceptance of other worldviews and culturally different counselling practices. Helms and Cook (1999) state that ultimately, the outcomes of the counselling process are the result of what both, counsellor and client bring to session, which to a large extent, is influenced by racial or cultural factors. Helms and Cook (1999) outline four main components:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The input of psychological, race, and cultural reactions of clients and counsellors;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The social role involving counsellor skills and theoretical orientation and client reactions, preferences, and expectations;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Process variables including racial matching and identity levels; and  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The utcome phase which is marked by distal and psychological factors such as attrition, service utilization, symptom remission, racial development, and cultural congruence. In their cross-cultural Competencies Model Sue, Arrendondo McDavis (l993) explain what makes a multicultural counsellor. This model is multidimensional, divided into three domains: attitudes/beliefs, knowledge, and skills. It is based on the counsellor’s awareness of his/her personal cultural values and biases and the clients worldview in order to develop culturally appropriate intervention strategies. Counsellor Awareness of Assumptions, Biases and Values Attitudes and Beliefs The starting point of multicultural counselling is within the counsellor in that to be effective in working with people who come from different cultures, one must become aware of one’s values, biases and beliefs. A counsellor should be aware and sensitive to one’s cultural heritage. That means recognizing that differences exist and that if one is to practice within the Mauritian culture, it is important to value and respect such differences. Along with one’s cultural background, there are experiences that are coloured by attitudes from the majority community reflecting not only values, but also biases that have influenced one’s psychological processes. Knowing that psychological processes are determined to a great degree by culture, counsellors need to identify how cultural experiences limit counselling competencies. The counsellor needs to be comfortable with acknowledging and discussing cultural, ethnic, and racial differences. Resulting to this is that there may exist significant differences in terms of beliefs between counsellors and their clients (e. . collective versus individual orientations). Knowledge Among the many characteristics that counsellors must have in order to be competent, three attributes top the list: It is fundamental that counsellors have specific knowledge about their own racial and cultural heritage and recognize how this can personally and professionally affect their personal and professional definitions and biases of normality-abnormality and the process of counselling. Counsellors must have knowledge about and understanding of how oppression, racism, discrimination, and stereotyping affect them personally and professionally. Competent counsellors must be able to acknowledge their own racist attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Counsellors should possess knowledge and be aware of their social impact upon others. This means knowing how their communication style may be at odds with or facilitate the counselling process with clients. Part of this is being able to anticipate how ones communication style impacts others. Skills One fundamental commitment from counsellors should be the constant pursuit to understand themselves as racial and cultural beings and actively seeking a non-racist identity. This means that counsellors should be able to recognize the limits of their competencies and seek consultation, training, and references from more qualified individuals and/or resources. They should seek out educational, consultative, and training experiences to enhance their understanding and effectiveness in working with culturally different populations. Duran and Duran (l995) go further and emphasize that the counsellor should not only learn appropriate strategies, but also â€Å"believe and practice these beliefs in his/her personal life if the intervention is to benefit the client† (p. 7). Personal encounters with racism are not part of most counsellors experiences; therefore, most counsellors do not know how debilitating this can be on one’s view of the world and personality. There is considerable documentation that the effects of racism have negative impact on ones health and psychological well-being. Therefore, counsellors need to be aware of the negative emotio nal reactions caused by prejudice and stereotyping. This means knowing the political and social aspects of a specific situation and how it relates to visible minority groups. One attitude that enhances not only multicultural competency, but also communication, is openness to other ideas, cultures, and experiences. This requires taking a non-judgemental position. Counsellor Awareness of Client’s Worldview Attitudes and beliefs Worldview is an aspect of cultural value preferences that frame one’s outlook. Therefore, culturally competent counsellors need to acquire specific knowledge of their clients’ worldview, style, and cultural identity development levels. Some clients may have had horrific experiences in regards to poverty and racism which might have reinforced their sense of powerlessness. Counsellors should be aware of how their own preconceived ideas about certain cultural groups influence the client-helper interaction in different ways. Knowledge It is fundamental that counsellors possess knowledge about the group of people they are working with and familiarize themselves with some of the historical, social, and cultural background of their clients. Additionally, counsellors should be aware of how ethnicity, culture, and tradition influence decision-making processes, vocational choices, specific behaviours and integration. Recognizing how negative experiences impact client development is imperative in the counselling process. Skills Counsellors should become involved with activities and functions outside of the counselling setting. They can act as advocates and advisors in order to get a different perspective and see the client interact in his/her â€Å"natural† setting. Participating in community events, social gatherings, traditional celebrations, and other relevant happenings could assist them in broadening and fostering their knowledge, understanding, and utilization of cross-cultural skills. One effective way of maintaining and enhancing good counselling skills is to read professional journals and to keep abreast of the latest research and theoretical findings on cross-cultural work. An important aspect of understanding changes in one’s profession as a helper is to seek the appropriate professional development that will ensure that competencies are maintained. Culturally Appropriate Approaches Recognizing that clients bring with them different religious and spiritual beliefs may mean that they will have values that will affect counselling outcomes. In fact, these differences may even affect how they express emotional distress. Clients may see emotions as not being separate from the body or spirit. Because of these differences, counsellors can increase their effectiveness by incorporating indigenous helping practices and the natural helping networks in the minority community. Another important variable in counselling is the relationship between culture and language. Therefore, the counsellor needs to see that bilingualism is an asset and not liability. By and large, counselling training has followed the Eurocentric tradition in counselling theory and practice. These practices conflict with cultural values of other traditions (e. . the reliance of self-disclosure in the Client-Centred approach may go against allegiance to the family). While most counsellors are aware that assessment instruments and techniques may be culturally biased, they need to be aware that in most cases, institutional barriers have been created based on assessment instruments. Diagnostic techniques fit majority culture, but do not neces sarily reflect cultural minorities’ values. Traditional counselling methods have emphasized the importance of helping the individual, thus going against the influence of the family and community structures. Knowing when and how to integrate the family and community into counselling practice will empower culturally different clients and help them seek a collective solution rather than an individual one. A Culturally Sensitive Perspective When working with clients from a different culture, trust is a major issue that needs to be resolved, particularly since those with power have been the instruments of oppression. The most effective way of building trust is to ensure that verbal and non-verbal messages are not only congruent, but also accurate and appropriate. Conclusion Gaining multicultural counselling competencies can ensure that counsellors are actively involved in combating racism that robs people of their self-respect and of their sense of dignity. It is a means of ensuring a more peaceful and prosperous society in which all people are equal. The kind of prejudice experienced by ethnic and racial minorities, intentional or unintentional, is the essence of the challenge of an open society. The transformation from ignorance to multicultural competence is neither simple nor easy. The challenges require that we develop a more open approach to communication with others from different cultural groups, possess a willingness to understand, develop empathy toward foreign and alien cultures, and be tolerant of views that differ from our own. If we have the determination to adapt our behaviours and attitudes with the desire to overcome ethnocentrism, we may begin to know the feelings of exhilaration that come when we have made contact with those from other cultures far removed from our own sphere of experience. This willingness to reach out, risk, learn and experience others is a challenge for everyone.